Honest about the risks, and specific about what prevents each one.
Hantavirus
The Government of Canada has an outbreak notice out: a higher than expected number of cases in parts of central and southern Argentina, including areas in and around Buenos Aires and northern Patagonia. It is spread mainly through contact with rodents and their urine, droppings and saliva, and there are no vaccines or medications to prevent it. It can begin as a flu-like illness and progress to coughing and shortness of breath.
Prevention Avoid rodents and any area contaminated with their droppings. Store food and rubbish in containers with tightly fitting lids. Take special precautions when cleaning and disinfecting anywhere contaminated by droppings — that is the Government of Canada’s advice, and a shut-up cabin or shed is where it applies. Mention any rodent contact to a doctor if you become unwell, including after you are home.
Leptospirosis
CDC opens its Argentina page with a notice that the country is reporting increased cases, and that risk is higher after floods or heavy rainfall. It spreads through contact with water, mud or food contaminated by the urine of infected animals.
Prevention Do not swim or wade in fresh water that could be contaminated, especially after heavy rain. Cover cuts and scratches with waterproof dressings. Wear waterproof boots and clothing near floodwater.
Traveller’s diarrhoea
The Government of Canada calls it the most common illness affecting travellers, and says the risk is higher where hygiene and sanitation standards are poor or food handling is careless. Its own summary of the fix is one line long: boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it.
Prevention Careful choices with food and water, frequent handwashing, and rehydration if it happens. Rehydration salts weigh nothing, and we can send you with a standby antibiotic where that is appropriate.
Dengue, Zika and chikungunya
All three are named as risks by the Government of Canada. It notes dengue mosquitoes typically bite during the daytime, particularly around sunrise and sunset, that severe dengue can be fatal, and that there is no vaccine or medication available in Canada to prevent it. Zika is spread by mosquito and also sexually, and can cause serious birth defects. CDC lists dengue and Zika among Argentina’s diseases too.
Prevention Repellent through the day, not only at night. Long sleeves and permethrin-treated clothing in the subtropical north. If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, the Government of Canada suggests discussing this destination with a health care provider before you book — you may choose to postpone.
Altitude and remote rescue
The Government of Canada tells travellers doing adventure activities to know the symptoms of high-altitude illnesses, notes that many operators do not conduct regular safety checks, and warns that local authorities have limited rescue capabilities, particularly in high-altitude and remote areas. For Mount Aconcagua specifically it says to contact the Mendoza Tourism Agency before climbing and to follow the itineraries the park provides. CDC does not raise altitude illness for Argentina; it mentions high elevation only in relation to stronger sun. The gap is real, and it favours planning.
Prevention Insurance that explicitly covers helicopter rescue and medical evacuation. A registered operator rather than the cheapest. Tell us your ascent plan: altitude medication is prescribable by a pharmacist in Alberta and we will work out whether yours calls for it.
Chagas disease
Named by both sources. Spread by triatomine bugs, which the Government of Canada notes are active at night. It says risk is generally low for most travellers, that the infection can stay inactive for decades, and that there is no vaccine.
Prevention A bed net if you are staying in poorly built or rural housing. This is a rural-and-long-stay question rather than a hotel one.
Getting treated, and paying for it
The Government of Canada says good health care is available in Buenos Aires but may be limited elsewhere, that certain medications may not be available, and — the part people are unprepared for — that hospital physicians often expect immediate cash payment for medical care.
Prevention Travel insurance with medical evacuation and hospital coverage, plus genuine access to funds on the day. Bring enough of your own regular medication for the whole trip and some spare, in labelled packaging, in hand luggage.
Roads and city crime
CDC names motor vehicle crashes the number one killer of healthy travellers abroad. The Government of Canada advises exercising a high degree of caution in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires because of crime including petty crime and muggings, and in Rosario because of homicides linked to drug-related organised crime, while the country overall sits at take normal security precautions.
Prevention Official taxis or public transport, seatbelts, no night driving on unlit rural roads. Keep bags in front of you and off chair backs.